Designing Inclusive Driverless Vehicles for People with Hearing Loss

Self-driving cars are becoming a reality in the UK, with automated vehicles already being tested on public roads and self-driving taxi services anticipated in 2026. The upcoming Automated Vehicles Act of 2027 provides the legal framework for these vehicles, yet a key challenge remains: how they communicate safely with pedestrians and other road users. Current designs often rely on external human–machine interfaces, such as pulsing lights, text displays, and auditory cues. However, these solutions frequently overlook the needs of people with hearing loss. Text displays may be inaccessible to those who use sign language or are visually impaired, while auditory signals may not be perceivable by deaf or hard-of-hearing pedestrians. Misinterpretation of speech-based cues can introduce safety risks. Researchers stress that inclusive design is essential. Combining visual and audio cues increases trust and supports safer pedestrian decisions, but testing must involve people with diverse needs. Recommendations include clearly displaying vehicle states like ‘stopped’ or ‘slowing down’, providing multiple communication modes, and ensuring audio cues are compatible with hearing aids and cochlear implants. Active involvement of people with special needs from the design stage ensures technology enhances accessibility rather than creating new barriers. With thoughtful, inclusive design, driverless vehicles can contribute to safer, more equitable streets for everyone.