UK Police Significantly Expand Use of Facial Recognition Without Clear Legal Framework

Police forces across England and Wales are rapidly expanding the use of live facial recognition (LFR) technology, with nearly 4.7 million faces scanned in 2024—double the figure from the previous year. A joint investigation by The Guardian and Liberty Investigates found that this surveillance method is quietly becoming entrenched in British policing, despite lacking explicit legal backing. Internal documents show that fixed LFR cameras will soon be trialled in Croydon, and proposals are in place to extend coverage to major transport hubs and city centers.

Eight police forces have already deployed LFR, with the Metropolitan Police operating four dedicated vans and preparing for a nationwide mobile unit. Retrospective facial recognition use has also nearly doubled, drawing on custody images and immigration records. Some databases being accessed contain images stored unlawfully, raising legal and ethical concerns.

Campaigners argue that the technology infringes on civil liberties and disproportionately misidentifies minority individuals. While the Home Office and police officials claim the systems are effective and enjoy public support, there is still no statutory framework regulating their use. Critics warn of self-regulation and algorithmic bias. A recent arrest of a registered sex offender using LFR illustrates its potential, but the lack of clear oversight remains contentious.